Surgery 101

  This is the 4th episode in a 5-part series on opthamalogy.  This episode is on Corneal Transplant, which is sometimes called keratoplasty or a corneal graft.  After listening to this podcast, learners will be able to: 1. Describe the relevant anatomy of the cornea. 2. List indications for corneal transplant. 3. Match common indications for corneal transplant with which type of surgery may be most appropriate.    

This is the 3rd episode in a 5-part eye series.  This episode is brought to you by University of Alberta students Kim Papp, a 4th year medical student and Divya Goel a 2nd year medical student. Today we will discuss orbital fractures which are fractures of the bony eye socket. After listening to this podcast, learners should be able to: 1. Describe the anatomy relevant to an orbital fracture. 2. Gather pertinent positives on history and physical exam for a patient presenting with a suspected orbital fracture. 3. Explain the danger of muscle entrapment and how to diagnose this. 4. Outline treatment options for orbital fractures, including surgery.

This is the 2nd episode in a 5-part eye series.  This episode is brought to you by Kim Papp, a 4th year medical student at the University of Alberta. Today we will discuss glaucoma and learn the basics of this common ocular disease. By the end of this podcast the listener will be able to: Describe the eye anatomy relevant to glaucoma Understand the pathophysiology, symptoms, and management options for open angle glaucoma Understand the pathophysiology, symptoms, and management options for acute angle closure glaucoma List other causes of glaucoma

This is the 1st episode in a 5-part Ophthalmology Series.  This episode is brought to you by Kim Papp, a 4th year medical student at the University of Alberta. Today we will discuss eye Fundamentals, where we will learn basics of the anatomy and physiology of the eye.  By the end of this podcast you should be able to: Name the major structures of the eye  Describe the function of these structures Relate these to common surgeries done in and around the eye  

After this episode, listeners should be able to: Understand the basic anatomy, physiology, and function of the small bowel List the types and common locations of small bowel malignancies Recognize risk factors for small bowel cancers Identify the clinical presentations for small bowel malignancies Understand the preoperative workup for diagnosis Describe the surgical treatment for small bowel malignancies

By the end of this episode, you will be able to  Briefly describe the pathophysiology, risk factors of pre-eclampsia, and complications  Recognize the clinical presentation including history and physical findings  List and describe your work up Describe your management and treatment if possible 

By the end of this episode, learners will be able to: Briefly describe the aetiologies and pathophysiology of primary and secondary amenorrhea Recognize the clinical presentation including history and physical findings  List and describe your work up Describe your management and treatment if possible 

After listening to this podcast you will be able to understand the following: Common causes of cranial and spinal infections that may develop into abscesses and lead to neurosurgical intervention Understand the workup used to assess patients that present with an infection that can be addressed by Neurosurgery List common differential diagnoses for these presentations Have a general knowledge of high yield surgical principles used Understand the non-surgical management of cranial and spinal abscesses

At the end of this episode, you will: Understand fundamental principles underlying various approaches to surgical treatment of the liver. Apply clinical scoring systems to decide between various treatment approaches for liver pathologies. Appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of decision making for complex liver presentations.

By the end of this episode you will be able to: List the different types of liver cancer and their epidemiology Explain how to make the diagnosis in a patient with suspected liver cancer Describe how to stage a patient with suspected liver cancer Outline the treatment options for a patient with liver cancer

After listening to this episode, you will be able to: List the most common types of benign liver lesions Outline the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of the patient diagnosed with a benign liver lesion

By the end of this episode you will be able to: Describe the anatomy and physiology of the liver Outline the pathophysiology and common symptoms of liver failure Explain how to assess and treat a patient with cirrhosis

In this episode, University of Alberta medical student Ryerson Seguin interviews oncoplastic breast surgeon Dr. David Lesniak.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to: Discuss the epidemiology and natural history of benign renal masses List the most common types of benign renal masses Describe the investigations used to differentiate between a benign and malignant renal mass Describe the management of benign renal masses

At the end of this episode, you will be able to: Describe what HPV is and how it relates to cancer, in particular head and neck cancers Recognize the risk factors for HPV-related head and neck cancers Differentiate between HPV-related and non-HPV related head and neck cancers List various management and treatment options for HPV-related head and neck cancer

At the end of this episode, you will be able to: Explain the pathophysiology of a chylothorax List the common etiologies of a chylothorax Describe the assessment strategies for chylothorax Understand the treatment options available for chylothorax

At the end of this episode, you will be able to: List the common etiologies of vocal fold paralysis Recognize the common presentations of vocal fold paralysis Explain the process to diagnose vocal fold paralysis Describe the management and treatment options for vocal fold paralysis

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to: Describe the typical clinical presentation of distal radius fractures Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with distal radius fractures

By the end of this podcast, you Outline the anatomy and physiology of the pituitary gland and the pathophysiology of pituitary tumours Describe the clinical presentation of pituitary adenomas, including endocrine and mass effect signs and symptoms Classify pituitary adenomas, based both on size and hormonal dysfunction List clinically useful investigations, including bloodwork and imaging. Build a robust differential diagnosis Describe management options, including medical, surgical and radiotherapy options and the pros and cons of each those

After listening to this podcast, learners will be able to: List the reasons for which hysterectomies are done Outline the types of hysterectomies Outlines the route of hysterectomy and factors to consider when choosing route of hysterectomy Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the various surgical approaches List the pre-operative steps taken before a hysterectomy List the potential complications of hysterectomies

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Describe what a composite tissue flap is. Broadly describe the different ways of categorizing flaps. Detail the main differences between a random pattern flap and axial pattern flap. Provide examples of flaps and their uses. Outline the post-operative management of flaps.

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Differentiate the timing of repair for nerve injuries taking into account the acuity and mechanism of injury. Describe the investigations available to help diagnose a nerve injury. List the potential management options for a neuroma. Describe the basic principles of nerve grafting and reconstruction. Outline the recovery and expected outcomes of someone who has undergone a nerve repair.

After listening to this first episode, learners will be able to: Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of nerves. Describe what Wallerian degeneration is and provide the basics of peripheral nerve regeneration. Describe a basic approach to history taking after a peripheral nerve injury. Describe the classification of nerve injuries using the Seddon and Sunderland classifications.

After listening to this first episode, learners will be able to: Define what microsurgery is and provide examples of its applications. Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of blood vessels. Describe the initial approach to managing a laceration to the hand/wrist. List the basic tools and solutions you would find on the microsurgical field. Describe some of the basic principles of microvascular repair.

At the end of the episode you will be able to: Understand how a focal liver lesion may present Develop a differential diagnosis of benign and serious causes for focal liver lesions Describe the diagnostic workup and potential management plans for a focal liver lesion

After listening to this podcast, learners will be able to: Describe common etiologies of MCC List risk factors for MCC Recognize classic presentation of MCC Develop a differential diagnosis for an asymptomatic growing nodule Outline the diagnostic work-up for MCC Describe therapeutic options for MCC

By the end of this episode, you will be able to; Recognize and diagnose acute GI bleeding secondary to colon cancer. Develop an approach to acute bleeding with a good understanding of the different treatment modalities available.

By the end of the episode, you will be able to; Understand the pathophysiology of bowel perforation secondary to colon cancer and how it may present. Demonstrate an approach to diagnosis and management of bowel perforation. Be familiar with the different treatment techniques, for such emergencies.

By the end of this episode you will be able to; Recognize the first main emergent presentation of colon cancer, how to diagnose, and how to manage them. Know when to utilize damage control measures and how to identify unstable patients. Understand the different treatment options for right versus left-sided obstructions.  

After this podcast learners should be able to Define laryngomalacia and discuss why it is an important topic Describe the pathophysiology and classifications of laryngomalacia Outline the typical presentation of the condition Develop a differential diagnosis for chronic stridor in pediatric patients Outline the workup for a patient presenting with chronic stridor Describe options for medical and surgical management of laryngomalacia

After this podcast learners should be able to Define nocturnal enuresis and why this is an important issue Describe the pathophysiology and risk factors for nocturnal enuresis Develop a differential diagnosis for nocturnal enuresis (monosymptomatic vs non monosymptomatic) Describe the investigations for a patient presenting with nocturnal enuresis Describe options for behavioral and pharmacological interventions for nocturnal enuresis

By the end of this episode, you will be able to: Describe the pathogenesis of GIST Recognize the clinical presentation of GIST including history and physical findings List potential differential diagnoses  Describe treatment modalities

By the end of this episode, you will be able to: Identify the various indications of rhinoplasty. Recognize the nasal anatomy that is being manipulated in the procedure. Describe in brief different surgical approaches, complications, and post-operative care for rhinoplasty.

By the end of this episode you will be able to: Understand why culturally safe and trauma-informed care is necessary when discussing tubal ligation Understand why counselling before the procedure is important and what to discuss with the patient Describe the different methods available for tubal ligation and recognize which methods are preferable for certain clinical scenarios Describe the surgical steps involved in laparoscopic tubal ligation

By the end of this episode you will be able to: Understand the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence and its impacts on quality of life Recognize the clinical presentation of stress urinary incontinence including history and physical exam Describe the pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence and its 2 sub-types Describe the different techniques of mid-urethral sling surgery

By the end of this episode you will be able to: Understand pressure versus volume control ventilation Describe how different ventilator modes can be used for surgical induction, maintenance and emergence Describe clinical indications of readiness for extubation

By the end of this episode you will be able to: Understand the concepts of ventilation and oxygenation Describe the essential settings available on the ventilator Recognize and problem solve basic ventilation and oxygenation problems you might encounter in the OR

After listening to this podcast, listeners should be able to: Develop a differential diagnosis for heavy, irregular vaginal bleeding. Outline the diagnostic work-up for cervical cancer and interpret based cervical biopsy results. Describe the general staging system for cervical cancer and explain how it guides treatment-intent. List the pros and cons of the different treatment modalities available for cervical cancer, along with their side-effects.

The objectives of this two-part podcast are to: Discuss the prevalence, current trends, and motivations behind FGC Describe the different types of FGC Detail the legality of FGC in Canada Discuss the immediate and long term consequences of FGC Discuss the clinical management of women with FGC with respect to gynecologic and  obstetric care Develop an approach for the provision of culturally competent and trauma informed care for adolescents and women with FGC

The objectives of this two-part podcast are to: Discuss the prevalence, current trends, and motivations behind FGC Describe the different types of FGC Detail the legality of FGC in Canada Discuss the immediate and long term consequences of FGC Discuss the clinical management of women with FGC with respect to gynecologic and  obstetric care Develop an approach for the provision of culturally competent and trauma informed care for adolescents and women with FGC

By the end of today’s episode, the learner will be able to: Describe Surgical approaches used for male gender affirming surgery, including metoidioplasty, phalloplasty and testicular and penile implants Outline complications commonly seen after male gender affirming surgery

By the end of today’s episode, the learner will be able to: Describe the pre-operative considerations relating to gender affirming surgery Outline the embryological origins of the external genitalia Describe the common surgical techniques used in female gender affirming surgery List complications commonly encountered after female gender affirming surgery

By the end of today’s episode, the learner will be able to: Describe basic terms relating to about the transgender community Comfortably use inclusive language and pronouns Describe the DSM-IV diagnosis of gender dysphoria, and Recognize the elements of the pathway to receiving gender affirming surgery in Canada

In recent times, the terms “equity, diversity, and inclusion” or “EDI” have become buzzwords for academic institutions to demonstrate their commitment to social accountability. Although incredible work is being done, it is important to remember why it was necessary in the first place and what the ultimate goals are. Today, as I discuss EDI in surgical education, I’d like to highlight these are my own thoughts at this stage in my training as I continue to learn and unlearn, and also thank you, the listener, for engaging in what can often be a difficult discussion. There are no formal “learning objectives” for this episode, but I hope you will be able to reflect on the following ideas: The role of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) in surgical education regarding what is taught, why, and by whom. How to reflect on and grow your own EDI understanding as you go through your medical training.

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to: Describe the typical clinical presentation of De Quervain's tenosynovitis Explain the pathophysiology for De Quervain's tenosynovitis Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with De Quervain's tenosynovitis.

 After listening to this episode, learners should be able to: Describe the typical clinical presentation of mallet finger Explain the pathophysiology for mallet finger Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with mallet finger.

 After listening to this episode, learners should be able to: Describe the typical clinical presentation of Dupuytren’s contracture Explain the pathophysiology and list common risk factors for Dupuytren’s contracture Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with Dupuytren’s contracture.

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to: Describe the typical clinical presentation of trigger finger Explain the pathophysiology and list common risk factors for trigger finger Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with trigger finger.

By the end of this video episode, you will: Review basic principles of vascular bypass grafts Review surgical terms used Understand potential complications of bypass grafts Understand the basic steps of various bypass grafts

At the end of the episode, the learner will know the: Pathophysiology of PAD Clinical features of PAD Medical and surgical management of PAD

By the end of this episode, you will be able to: Recognize the clinical presentation of meniscal injury on history and physical exam. Describe the anatomy of the menisci and classification of tears. Describe operative and non-operative management options for meniscal tears, including the indications, risks, and benefits of each.

At the end of this episode, learners will be able to: Define Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy Understand why it’s important The relevant pathophysiology of DCM and how patients present The prognosis of DCM

In this podcast, listeners will learn about Giant Cell Arteritis, specifically with regards to: Exactly what giant cell arteritis is, and its pathophysiology Factors that are associated with its occurrence How it clinically manifests in patients, and how you can recognise it Other common differentials What urgent management is required, as well as considerations for longer-term management    

After this episode, listeners should be able to: Understand the basic anatomy of the esophagus Recognize the causes of an esophageal perforation Identify the locations and clinical presentations of an esophageal perforation List a differential diagnosis Understand the preoperative work up for diagnosing an esophageal perforation Describe the treatment Describe the major steps in the surgical repair of an esophageal perforation

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Define necrotizing enterocolitis and understand its importance as one of the most common gastrointestinal emergencies Describe the pathophysiology and potential risk factors Identify common clinical features and physical exam findings Outline appropriate investigations and treatment options

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Define tracheoesophageal fistulas and esophageal atresias and understand their importance Describe the pathophysiology and potential associated anomalies Identify common clinical features and physical exam findings Outline appropriate treatment options and potential complications

In this video, Dr Jonathan White from Surgery 101 shares his reflections on the effects of the global COVID - 19 pandemic. The opinions expressed in this video are solely his own, and do not reflect the opinions and beliefs of any other people or organizations.   Follow us for more great content on the Surgery 101 social channels.   Website: LinkedIn: Twitter: Facebook: Instagram:

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Define an intestinal atresia and understand its importance Describe the pathophysiological processes leading to this condition Identify common clinical features and physical exam findings Outline appropriate investigations and treatment options Outline the prognosis and potential complications

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Define Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTE) and understand the importance of treating this deformity quickly Describe the pathophysiology and relevant anatomy Identify common clinical features and physical exam findings Outline appropriate treatment options and potential complications

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Define congenital diaphragmatic hernias and recognize the two common types Identify common clinical features, and physical exam findings List appropriate investigations and treatment options Describe the prognosis and potential complications

In this Current Conversation podcast on bias in the Canadian healthcare system, Surgery 101 is joined by Psychiatry and Paediatrics Associate Professor Dr. Javeed Sukhera, who is the incoming Chair of Psychiatry at the Institute of Living (IOL), and Chief of Psychiatry at Hartford Hospital in Connecticut. Hosted by Surgery 101 co-founder Dr. Jonathan White, this podcast episode covers the timely topic of bias, its influence in systems and learning, its visible and invisible impacts, and how to recognize our own bias and address it, something which isn’t talked about enough in medical school and residency education. Keep an eye out for future Current Conversations podcast episodes, and let us know what you’d like to hear in a future episode. GET IN TOUCH: DR. JAVEED SUKHERA: Twitter: https://twitter.com/javeedsukhera Website: https://javeedsukhera.com/about SURGERY 101 Website: http://surgery101.org/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/surgery101/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/surgery_101 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/surgery101 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/surgery.101

In this Current Conversation podcast on Wellness and Self-Care, Surgery 101 is joined by ER physician Dr. Grant Kennedy from the Rockyview General Hospital in Calgary, Canada. Hosted by Surgery 101 co-founder Dr. Jonathan White, this podcast episode covers the timely topic of physician burnout and how to combat it, which isn’t talked about enough in medical school and residency education.  To protect himself from burnout Dr. Kennedy uses his love of music and songwriting to shift his focus away from his job and its stresses and traumas, which allows him to create a better space to work in and to enables him to take care of others.  Keep an eye out for future Current Conversations podcast episodes, and let us know what you’d like to hear, and who you would like to hear from, in a future episode. GET IN TOUCH: GRANT KENNEDY MUSIC:  YouTube:   Twitter:   Facebook:   Instagram:   Website:  SURGERY 101  LinkedIn:   Twitter:   Facebook:   Instagram:   Website:    

By the end of this episode learners will be able to: Describe the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy Recognize the clinical presentation of diabetic retinopathy including history and physical findings List and describe various related treatment options including the risks and benefits, effectivity, and common complications Describe management and routine screening for diabetic retinopathy

In this timely and very much needed video episode, Surgery 101 is joined by Dr. Lisa Richardson from the University of Toronto and discusses Anti-Indigenous racism in the Canadian Healthcare system. She offers her insights into how medical schools should incorporate Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion discourse and learning into their curriculum, and how truth is an important first step towards reconciliation in the future.  Dr. Richardson is Associate Dean, Inclusion & Diversity, at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the Indigenous Health Strategic Lead at Women’s College Hospital in Toronto, Canada. 

We're living in the 21st century and there are a lot of issues are are important in the world today. Be it inclusive medicine, racism in the healthcare system, understanding LGBTQIA2S and other big conversations, Surgery 101 is poised to respond, as well as be a thought leader in having these difficult conversations. We made this video to talk through why we are making it a point to have these conversations.

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Define Lumbar Hernia Describe the anatomy of Lumbar Hernias Outline the clinical presentation of Lumbar Hernias Describe the diagnosis and treatment of patients with Lumbar Hernias  

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Define Obturator Hernias Describe the anatomy relevant to Obturator Hernias Outline the clinical presentation of Obturator Hernias Describe the diagnosis and treatment of patients with Obturator Hernias

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Discuss the basic pathophysiology and complications of abdominal wall hernias Define Spigelian hernia Describe the anatomy of Spigelian Hernias Outline the clinical presentation of Spigelian Hernias Describe the diagnosis and treatment of patients with a Spigelian Hernia

Dr. Arman Abdalkhani talks to Yu Qi Wu on the subject of tracheostomies during the COVID 19 pandemic.

After listening to this podcast, the learner will be able to, Understand the indications for tracheostomy, Be able to choose the appropriate tracheostomy type, Will know the landmarks and important aspects of the procedure, Look out for potential complications, and Understand management of tracheostomies.

After listening to this podcast, students should be able to: Identify the different stages of esophageal cancer in broad terms. List the possible treatment options for patients with esophageal cancer. Ultimately, have a standardized approach to esophageal cancer, having understood the clinical presentation, relevant investigations, and treatment modalities.

After listening to this podcast, students should be able to: Identify risk factors related to each of the two types of esophageal cancer List symptoms presented by patients with esophageal cancer. Explain recommended steps to diagnose patients with esophageal cancer List the general treatment options for patients with esophageal cancer

In this episode Madeline McDonald interviews Dr. Najma Ahmed who is the co-founder of Canadian Doctors for Protection from Guns. Madeline and Dr. Ahmed discuss various topics from mentorship and physician advocacy to gun control and the government's responsibilty to address gun violence as a public health emergency.

By the end of this podcast, you will be able to:  Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of an extensor tendon injury; List key structures relevant to the management of an extensor tendon injuries; Discuss of surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of extensor tendon injuries; Outline potential complications of extensor tendon injuries.

By the end of this podcast, you should be able to:  Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of flexor tendon injury; List the implications of primary versus secondary repairs;  Identify key structures relevant to the management of a flexor tendon injuries;  Discuss  surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of flexor tendon injuries;  Identify potential complications of flexor tendon injuries.  

By the end of this podcast, the listener will be able to:  Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of proximal metacarpal fractures; Create a differential diagnosis for proximal metacarpal fractures; Understand the initial management for a patient with a proximal metacarpal fracture; Be aware of surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of proximal metacarpal fractures; Identify potential complications of proximal metacarpal fractures Be aware of the long-term functional outcomes of proximal metacarpal fractures.

By the end of this podcast, you should be able to:  Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of metacarpal fractures; Create a differential diagnosis for metacarpal fractures; Understand the initial management for a patient with a metacarpal fracture; Be aware of surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of metacarpal fractures; Identify potential complications of metacarpal fractures Be aware of the long-term functional outcomes of metacarpal fractures.

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Describe key structures relevant to the management of a nail bed injury;  List key features on history and physical examination suggestive of a nail bed injury; Outline the initial management for a patient with a nail bed injury;  Discuss surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of nail bed injuries;  Identify and describe potential complications of nail bed injuries.

At the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to: Describe an approach to a patient presenting with a digital amputation;  Describe an approach to classifying digital amputations;  List the indications and contraindications of digital replantation; State the operative sequence of a digital replantation surgery;  Recall the key points related to post-operative care.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to: Explain the mechanism of injury that leads to ACL tears Recognize and identify key features in the clinical presentation and physical evaluation of patients with these type of injuries List the methods of diagnosis and treatment for ACL tears

In this video, Dr. Jonathan White from Surgery 101 discusses the concept of inclusive medicine, as well as other aspects of diversity, and physician self-care with Queensland Australian of the Year (2021), Dr. Dinesh Palipana, disability advocate, and Australia’s only quadriplegic ER doctor.

In this video, Awrad Nasralla and Armin Rouhi discuss pneumothorax, it’s pathophysiology, classification, and diagnosis of pneumothorax clinically and radiologically, and the management of pneumothorax.

Oral cavity cancers are malignant neoplasms of epithelium or minor salivary glands in the mouth. After listening to this podcast, the listener should be able to: List the signs and symptoms of oral cavity cancer, Recognize the risk factors of oral cavity cancer, Describe the recommended steps to work up a patient with oral cavity cancer and finally, List management and treatment options of oral cavity cancer.

After listening to this episode of Surgery 101, listeners will be able to: Explain the basic anatomy of the eye, including the different layers of the eye. Discuss the pathophysiology of a retinal detachment. Describe the typical clinical presentation of retinal detachments and understand when a referral to ophthalmology is appropriate. List and describe the 3 surgical options used to treat a retinal detachment.

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Describe a general approach to gun shot wounds (or GSW) in the Trauma Bay or Emergency Department. Explain the difference between low velocity and high velocity guns. Describe the pathophysiology and common patterns of injury in gunshot wounds. Identify medical and surgical management principles for GSW.

After listening to this podcast, you should be able to: Define the term “epidural hematoma” Differentiate epidural hematomas from other intracranial hemorrhages. Review the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to patients presenting with epidural hematoma List the differential diagnosis of epidural hematoma Recognize complications of epidural hematoma and post-operative complications

After listening to this podcast, you should be able to: Define chronic pancreatitis Identify the main causes and pathophysiology behind chronic pancreatitis Identify the main presenting symptoms of chronic pancreatitis Describe the workup and investigations for chronic pancreatitis Describe the treatment plan for chronic pancreatitis, including surgical and non-surgical options  

After listening to this podcast listeners should be able to: Discuss the impact of a significant medical event on someone’s life Recognize that our actions can have an impact on a patient’s life forever Identify what inclusive medicine is and why it is important Describe the history of inclusive medicine Identify what you can do to create an inclusive profession

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Describe the basic physiology of skin grafts. List the indications for skin grafting. Explain the differences between STSG and FTSG, as well as their respective advantages/disadvantages. List the complications that can occur from skin grafting. Outline the post-operative care and expected outcomes of a patient with a recent skin graft.

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS). After listening to this podcast, listeners will be able to: Define and recognize SBS in post-surgical patients Describe the pathophysiology of SBS List prognostic factors for SBS Describe the basis and indications for medical and surgical therapy for SBS.  

The parathyroid glands are important organs implicated in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Due to their small size, complicated physiology and variable location they proved difficult for early clinicians and scientists to fully understand. Today, disease of the parathyroid glands is a commonly recognized endocrine disorder that is often managed surgically. By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:  Describe the anatomy and function of parathyroid glands  Discuss common pathophysiology involved in parathyroid disease Outline the management of parathyroid disease List complications of parathyroid surgery 

Obstructive sleep apnea or OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. Repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep causes obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and sleep fragmentation. OSA is distinguished from central sleep apnea which is attributable to an underlying neurological cause. The prevalence of OSA estimated between 1.5-4 percent and is more common in older males. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation as well as surgical evaluation, management, and complications.  By the end of this podcast, listeners will  be able to:  Define obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) Discuss anatomy related to OSA Discuss surgical management options for OSA List complications of surgery for OSA  

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) attempts to restore normal physiologic function of the sinuses via correction of underlying anatomical abnormalities and obstruction. The term functional refers to strategies aimed at preserving the natural drainage pathways of the sinuses. It is important to note that FESS does not cure sinonasal disease but rather facilitates the healing process by improving sinus ventilation and drainage allowing for gradual resolution of mucosal disease. Post-surgical changes also facilitate the delivery of saline and intranasal steroid medications to the paranasal sinus cavities. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with a specific emphasis on functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) Learning Objectives Describe the anatomy and function of the paranasal sinuses Define functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) Define chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) List the complications of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

Hoarseness is a common complaint in primary care. It denotes a dysphonia originating from the vocal cords of the larynx. It describes any change in voice quality. It is important to remember it is a symptom of underlying pathology and not a diagnosis. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of common causes of hoarseness. By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to: Define hoarseness Explain common etiologies contributing to hoarseness List the treatment options for the common causes of hoarseness 

This is the 4th episode in a 4-part series covering complications at the time of vaginal delivery.  This episode is brought to you by Leah Rusnell a fourth-year medical student at the University of Saskatchewan in Regina. Yesterday, we discussed the delivery of twins and in this episode, we’ll look at the management of umbilical cord prolapse. After listening to this episode, listeners will be able to: List the risk factors for umbilical cord prolapse. Describe the signs of cord prolapse that should alert suspicion for the diagnosis. Outline a management plan for cord prolapse.

This is the 3rd episode of a four-part series covering complications at the time of vaginal delivery. This episode is brought to you by Leah Rusnell a fourth-year medical student at the University of Saskatchewan in Regina. The previous episodes discussed operative vagina delivery and the management of breech deliveries. This episode discusses the delivery of twins and the complications associated with them. After listening to this episode, you will be able to: 1. Identify the types of twinning based on chorionicity and amnionicity. 2. List the predisposing factors for a twin or multiple gestation pregnancy and associated risks for the mother and fetuses. 3. Outline a prenatal management plan for a twin pregnancy. 4. List the different types of presentations at the time of vaginal delivery. 5. Outline the specific considerations required at the time of labor and delivery of twins.

This is the 2nd episode in a 4-part series covering complications at the time of vaginal delivery.  This episode is brought to you by Leah Rusnell a fourth-year medical student at the University of Saskatchewan in Regina. Yesterday, we discussed operative vagina delivery and in this episode, we'll look at the management of breech deliveries. After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: Define the types of breech presentation. List the risk factors for breech presentation. Outline the timing, indications, contraindications, and technique required to perform an external cephalic version. Describe the controversy surrounding vaginal delivery of a breech baby. List the contraindications to planned vaginal breech delivery. List the requirements that must be met during the breech labor and delivery process.

This is the 1st episode in a 4-part series covering complications at the time of vaginal delivery.  This episode is brought to you by Leah Rusnell a fourth-year medical student at the University of Saskatchewan in Regina. Today we will discuss operative vagina delivery. After listening to this episode, learners will be able to: 1. Classify OVDs, also known as operative vaginal deliveries, and discuss the instrument options available to perform an OVD. 2. Identify the indications for and contraindications to an OVD. 3. Identify the fetal and maternal risks associated with OVD in comparison to a caesarean section. 4. List the pre-requisites and steps required to perform an OVD.

In this episode, we are joined by Vivian Leung,  a 3rd-year medical student from McGill University.  She will be discussing a case titled: “Chloe has a chole”, and will be reviewing the management of acute cholecystitis.  Vivian will touch upon the guidelines for antibiotic therapy, indications for urgent cholecystectomy, and the concept of risk stratification, which will serve as key information in determining whether your patient will benefit most from a surgical, versus non-surgical, management of acute cholecystitis. After listening to this podcast, students will be able to: Recall and list classification factors of uncomplicated versus complicated acute cholecystitis Recognize the importance and considerations of initiating antibiotic therapy Describe the concept of risk stratifying patients into low risk, versus high-risk surgical patients, and their subsequent clinical management