Blood Podcast

In this week's episode, we’ll discuss the findings from a study assessing responses after treatment with tisagenlecleucel [LM1] in adults with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma, learn more about the association between high microRNA-145 plasma levels and decreased risk of future incident venous thromboembolism, and discuss how epigenetic and immunogenetic signatures can be used in the prediction of outcomes for high-count monoclonal B lymphocytosis.

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In this week's episode, we'll discuss gut microbiota exploitation by CPX-351 in acute myeloid leukemia. Then we'll learn about optimizing anti-myeloma immunity. New research shows that regulatory T cells suppress myeloma-specific immunity during autologous stem cell mobilization and transplantation. Finally we'll discuss among pediatric patients with ITP or other autoimmune cytopenias, which ones will go on to develop systemic lupus? 

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In this week's episode we’ll discuss the mechanism by which Jak2V617F clonal hematopoiesis promotes arterial thrombosis, discuss how Staphylococcus aureus induces drug resistance in cancer T cells in Sézary syndrome, and learn more about the clinical and functional features of RAC2-related immunodeficiency.

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In this week's episode we'll discuss molecular mimicry in aplastic anemia, novel experiments show that antigens associated with viral infections can mimic epitopes presented on hematopoietic progenitor cells. Then, we'll learn about prophylaxis with subcutaneous emicizumab in infants with hemophilia. Finally we'll see how hydroxyurea is associated with a significant reduction in infections among children with sickle cell anemia in Uganda.

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In this bonus episode of Blood Podcast, Associate Editor, Dr. Freda Stevenson is joined by Drs. Karin Tarte, Andrea Radtke, and Leandro Cerchietti to discuss the Review Series on the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas.

Find the full review series in Blood Journal volume 143 issue 12. 

In this week's episode we’ll discuss the findings from a study assessing the utility of free light chain mass spectrometry in AL amyloidosis, learn more about distinct single-cell RNA-sequencing signatures of bone marrow T cells of AML patients in remission after an allogeneic stem cell transplant, and discuss why von Willebrand factor clearance is critical for the protective effect of ADAMTS13 in mice with sickle cell anemia.

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In this week's episode we'll discuss eculizumab in stem cell transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy. Then, we'll learn about reclassifying malignant monocytosis, these newly classified cases have distinct mutational and transcriptional profiles. Finally, we'll hear about targeting the tissue factor coagulation initiation complex prevents antiphospholipid antibody development.

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In this week's episode we’ll learn more about rare relapse-initiating stem cells in patients with MDS or AML in complete remission post-transplantation, discuss the role of interferon α in erythropoiesis in sickle cell disease, and learn more about how TNFα promotes clonal dominance of KIT D816V+ cells in mastocytosis.

In this week's episode we'll discuss PAR2-biased signaling in thrombo-inflammation. Then, we'll learn about how hemoglobin levels are linked to survival in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia. Finally we'll hear about how etoposide is better than its reputation in primary HLH—hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Symptomatic patients treated with etoposide have substantially better outcomes as compared to the historical experience.

In this week's episode we’ll discuss the findings from a prospective trial of brentuximab vedotin with dacarbazine or nivolumab in older patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma, learn more about CD20 antigen loss as a mechanism of resistance to mosunetuzumab in relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphomas, and discuss the role of trogocytosis in red blood cell antigen loss.

In this week's episode we'll discuss CAR T cells plus ibrutinib for the treatment of relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Next, we'll learn about a new SAGA for acute myeloid leukemia. Finally, we'll hear about new evidence that oxygen delivery to tissues can become diffusion-limited during perfusion with stored blood.

In this week's episode we’ll report on the findings from a study evaluating the long-term outcomes of pulmonary embolism in children and adolescents, discuss a new mechanism for hereditary angioedema caused by a methionine-379 to lysine substitution in kininogens, and learn more about predictors of unsustained minimal residual disease negativity in multiple myeloma patients.

In this week's episode we'll discuss extended follow-up from the ZUMA-5 trial of axicabtagene ciloleucel, or axi-cel. Then we'll learn about the role of platelets in binding and clearing senescent red blood cells. Finally, we'll hear about a new risk stratification strategy for lymphomas of the central nervous system, or CNS. 

In this week's episode we’ll discuss the findings from a two-year follow-up study of lisocabtagene maraleucel in relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma, learn more about how reciprocal stabilization of coagulation factor XIII-A and -B subunits influences plasma FXIII concentration, and discuss the findings from a phase 2 study of inotuzumab ozogamicin for measurable residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission.

In this week’s episode, we’ll discuss the association between occupational exposure to anticancer agents in a parent and subsequent cancer in a child. Then we’ll learn about deciphering and disrupting the activation of PIEZO1 in hereditary xerocytosis. Finally, we’ll hear about the assessment of measurable residual disease, or MRD, in patients with NPM1-mutated AML, or acute myeloid leukemia, receiving venetoclax-based NON-intensive therapy.

In this week's episode we’ll discuss the findings from a prospective trial of TCRαβ/CD19-cell depleted HLA-haploidentical transplantation to treat pediatric acute leukemia, learn more about the incidence, clinical characteristics, and survival of malignancy-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Sweden, and discuss the bone marrow as the primary site of thrombopoiesis. 

In this week's episode we’ll explore the role of fibrinogen polymerization in thrombosis. Then, we’ll discuss preventing CD19-negative relapse after CAR T-cell therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Finally, we’ll learn how increased levels of the RNA-binding protein FUS has been identified as an effector of hematopoietic stem cell aging. 

In this week's episode we’ll discuss the findings from a phase 2 study of CD24Fc for prevention of graft-versus-host disease, learn more about the origins of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease, and discuss the role of PF4 in platelet activation.

In this week's episode we'll uncover the clinical and pathological profile of a new disorder similar to VITT, or vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Then, we'll discuss real-world outcomes in patients with large B-cell lymphoma treated with tafasitamab and lenalidomide. Finally we'll learn about how advances in technology help unravel the spatial biology of bone marrow. 

In this week's episode we’ll discuss the findings from a natural history study of patients with familial platelet disorder with myeloid malignancy, learn more about the role of HEXIM1 as an essential transcription regulator in human erythropoiesis, and discuss the utility of residual disease as a predictor of relapse in CML patients stopping TKI therapy.

On today's episode we’ll discuss the prognostic significance of the ETP phenotype in children with T-cell ALL, address knowledge gaps in the management of chronic granulomatous disease and learn about the effects of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants for inherited hemostasis disorders.

On today's episode we’ll discuss the findings from a phase 2 study of sorafenib plus intensive chemotherapy in newly diagnosed FLT3-ITD AML, learn more about the inhibition of PLK4 in TP53-mutated AML, and discuss the role of CD44 in Plasmodium falciparum infection.

On today’s podcast we'll discuss high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities in solitary bone plasmacytomas. Then, we'll consider complement activation in vaso-occlusive pain episodes and how targeting C5a generation inhibited those effects. Finally we'll explore the genetics of platelet reactivity and how researchers used this data to develop a genetic score that was associated with risk of thrombotic diseases.

On this week's episode we’ll discuss the findings from a long-term follow up study of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab in IGHV-mutated CLL, learn more about the impact of genetic alterations and minimal residual disease in adults with KMT2A-rearranged B-cell precursor ALL, and discuss a pre-clinical study of reinforced immunotherapy for myeloma using a new bispecific antibody-based approach.

In this week's episode we'll discuss if fractionated dosing of gemtuzumab ozogamicin provide additional benefit over a single dose in older adults with AML. Then, we'll consider how the loss-of-function of ENT3 drives histiocytosis. Researchers describe a novel pathway leading to histiocytosis that involves hyperactivation of TLR-MAPKinase signaling. This suggests a potential benefit of MAPKinase -directed targeted therapy in a range of histocytoses. Finally we'll discuss unraveling resistance mechanisms to anti-CD20 treatments in B-cell malignancies. Through alternative splicing, the MS4A1 gene encoding human CD20 generates multiple mRNA isoforms with distinct 5’ untranslated regions. 

In this bonus episode of Blood Podcast, Coordinating Editor, Dr. Jason Gotlib is joined by Drs. Sioban Keel, Margaret Ragni, and Andoni Echaniz-Laguna to discuss the Review Series on RNA Therapeutics in Hematology. The series highlights areas in which RNA therapeutics are most advanced: acute hepatic porphyria, transthyretin amyloidosis, and hemophilia.

In this week's episode we’ll discuss the prognostic significance of splicing factor gene mutations in newly diagnosed AML, learn more about the findings from a multi-omics study of therapy resistance in multiple myeloma, and discuss the effects of KIT ligand deletion on systemic KIT levels and hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. 

In this week's episode we'll see how targeting the prostacyclin receptor is a promising strategy for regulating hemostasis and thrombosis. Then, we'll learn how new evidence indicates that the progression rate is low in MRD-negative myeloma patients who discontinue post-transplant lenalidomide and dexamethasone maintenance therapy after 2 years. Finally we'll discuss how amphiregulin from leptin receptor-positive niche cells in the bone marrow mediates crosstalk between the niche and hematopoietic stem cells under conditions of DNA repair deficiency and aging.

In this week's episode, we discuss the findings from a phase 2 study of lenalinomide plus rituximab in elderly frail patients with DLBCL, learn more about platelet GP6-mediated neutrophil recruitment in early stages of acute lung injury, and discuss a newly identified isoform of the tyrosine kinase AXL, termed AXL3, in mantle cell lymphoma.

In this week's episode, we'll learn how the diversity of gut microbiota predicts mortality and acute graft-versus-host disease in pediatric allogeneic transplant recipients. Then we'll discuss complement inhibition in patients with complement-mediated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Finally we'll learn how PD-1 plus HDAC equals responses in previously treated Hodgkin lymphoma, specifically that response rates were encouraging in a heavily pretreated cohort, even among patients with PD-1 refractory disease.  

In this week's episode, we’ll discuss a phase two trial in patients with T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia treated with the inhibitor BNZ-1 to block receptor binding of IL-15, learn more about the outcomes of gene therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and discuss ways to mitigate inequity when prioritizing patients for CAR T-cell therapy. 

In this week’s episode, we’ll learn that Germline pathogenic variants of the DDX41 gene are relatively common in the general population and linked to higher risk of AML and MDS, discuss the birtamimab plus standard of care in light chain amyloidosis, and review new insights on rare movement and neurocognitive toxicities that are observed after BCMA-directed CAR T cell treatment. 

In this weeks episode, we’ll learn more about the role of IL-7 receptor signaling in the differentiation and expansion of human B-cell progenitors, discuss the use of fixed-duration venetoclax plus obinutuzumab in older patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and learn how low-density lipoprotein promotes microvascular thrombosis by enhancing von Willebrand Factor self-association 

In this week’s episode, we discuss real-world evidence for CAR T cell therapy in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, inhibiting endogenous anticoagulant pathways in congenital factor deficiencies, and finally targeting the HSP90 epichaperome in acute myeloid leukemia. 

In this week's episode, we'll discuss the findings from the final analysis of the CLL2-GIVe trial, learn how NOTCH2 mutants promote resistance to chemotherapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and discuss the role of DBY/HLA class IIcomplexesin chronic graft-versus-host disease.

In this week's episode, we’ll learn about long-term outcomes with pembrolizumab in relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Next, what’s behind the accumulation of toxic free alpha-globin in beta-thalassemia? Finally, a road map for managing CAR T cell hematologic toxicity. 

Blood associate editors Jeanne Hendrickson and Thomas Ortel edited a How I Treat series on inpatient consultative hematology. In this timely series of articles, the authors present an approach to bleeding, thrombosis, anemia, and quantitative neutrophil abnormalities.

In this week's episode, we’ll learn more about the treatment of relapsed and refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with dimethyl fumarate, discuss the use of lipid nanoparticles for ex vivoediting of human hematopoietic cells, and learn more about racial and geographic disparities in lymphoma clinical trials.

In this week’s episode, we’ll review a detailed safety profile of acalabrutinib versus ibrutinib in patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia, discuss a report that leukocyte inflammation contributes to trauma-induced coagulopathy by oxidation and degradation of fibrinogen, and finally, discuss a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis that shows higher abatacept exposure decreases occurrence of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from an unrelated donor. 

In this week’s episode, we’ll discuss pembrolizumab after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Newly reported phase 2 study results show that blocking PD-1 with pembrolizumab had a favorable safety profile and demonstrated promising activity, supporting further confirmatory studies in this setting; germline genetic predisposition to myeloid neoplasms in patients with hypoplastic bone marrow. Researchers report mutations that are significantly associated with cytopenias in adulthood in these patients. And pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were linked to severe cytopenias and advanced myeloid malignancies; and finally, if monocytes and their descendants are less plastic than previously thought. Investigators have identified four functionally specialized monocyte subsets that derive from specific myeloid progenitor lineages. They show that the fate of these monocyte subsets is epigenetically scripted, with little flexibility after differentiation begins, even under conditions of stress.

In this week’s bonus episode of Blood Podcast, your source for innovative ideas and cutting-edge information. In this episode Associate Editor, Dr. John Crispino discusses the Review Series on Hematopoietic Stem Cells with authors, Dr. David Kent and Dr. Jennifer Trowbridge.    

In this week's episode, we’ll learn more about what whole genome sequencing reveals about genetic subtypes of follicular lymphoma and risk of transformation, discuss the role of the lipid mediator, resolvin D4, in infectious neutrophil deployment and emergency granulopoiesis, and learn more about Hodgkin lymphoma-directed therapy and the role of PET in early-stage nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. 

In this week's episode, we'll learn more about ventricular arrhythmias in sickle cell anemia, discuss the molecular heterogeneity of pediatric monomorphic post–solid organ transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and uncover the role of the bone marrow microenvironment as a driver of myeloid disorders.

In this week’s episode, we discuss the impact of silent cerebral infarction in patients with immune mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (or iTTP) in clinical remission, how the survival of leukemia stem cells is highly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, and targeting iron import as a potential therapeutic approach in aggressive natural killer cell leukemia (or ANKL).

In this week's episode, we’ll learn more about poverty and relapse risk in children with ALL, discuss eligibility criteria and enrollment of diverse racial and ethnic populations in multiple myeloma clinical trials, and learn more about clonal hematopoiesis in VEXAS syndrome.

In this week's episode, we'll discuss if some patients with relapsed or refractory primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma can be cured by checkpoint blockade alone. Next, autologous CAR T cells are highly effective, yet not always feasible in children with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lastly, we'll discuss ironing out beta-thalassemia during pregnancy.

In this week's episode, we’ll discuss the findings from a study attempting gene therapy for WHIM syndrome for the first time, learn more about the fate of hematopoietic stem cells after transplantation, and discuss the role of C-terminal FGF23 peptides in iron conservation.

In this week's episode, we'll discuss new evidence on the critical role of hepcidin, the master regulator of iron metabolism, in the pathogenesis of polycythemia vera. Next, costimulatory molecules regulate mechanisms of CAR T cell dysfunction. Finally, we'll discuss how TREM2 is a novel receptor for IL-34, promoting differentiation of normal and leukemic myeloid cells. 

In this week’s episode we’ll report on the findings from a phase 2 trial of bone marrow transplantation as initial therapy for patients with severe aplastic anemia, discuss the utility of a PET radiomics-based model in predicting outcomes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and learn more about macrophage metabolic rewiring in sickle cell disease.

In this week’s episode we will review no survival benefit for vincristine/steroid pulses in contemporary studies of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (or ALL). Next, the rheumatology drug abatacept may be a promising strategy for the treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease (or GVHD). Finally, we'll discuss the hemorrhage risk of dasatinib therapy.

In this week’s episode, we'll discuss how patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma survival outcomes have improved after development of several novel agents. Next, precision engineering of therapeutic T cells through extragenic safe harbors. Finally, using a single-cell atlas to map features of imatinib resistance in diagnostic CML bone marrow, investigators present gene expression signatures predictive of response to TKI therapy.

In this week’s episode we’ll discuss the findings from a study exploring the combination of concurrent pembrolizumab, adriamycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine in newly diagnosed classical Hodgkin lymphoma, learn more about the effects of targeting the CD40/CD40-ligand axis in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, and review the findings from a study aimed at improving the bone marrow homing of CAR-cytokine induced killer cells in AML.

In this bonus episode, Associate Editor, Dr. Helen Heslop discusses the How I Treat series on Emergent CAR-T cell toxicities with authors Dr. Fabiana Perna, Dr. Natalie Grover and Dr. Nirali Shah.

In this week’s episode, we will review patients with chronic ITP having clonal expansions of a specific subset of CD8 T cells, called terminally differentiated effector memory T cells, or TEMRA. Next, for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, use of a so-called dark-zone signature, previously referred to as the double-hit signature, could help refine prognosis. Finally on today's podcast we'll discuss rethinking the role of hematopoietic stem cells following physiologic emergencies such as acute inflammation and blood loss.

In this special episode, Trainee Council Chairs, Drs. Becky Zon and Ajay Major, interview Dr. Nancy Berliner, Blood Editor-in Chief and Dr. Andrew Roberts, Blood Deputy Editor, on their careers in academic editing and publishing, including career development tips for trainees who are interested in a career in publishing.

In this week’s episode we’ll report on the findings from a 5-year follow-up study of axicabtagene ciloleucel in refractory large B-cell lymphoma, discuss the role of C1 inhibitor deficiency in coagulation and venous thrombosis, and learn how chemotherapy signatures can be used to track the evolution of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms.

In this week’s episode we'll review imbalances in gut microbiota may impact the efficacy and safety of immunochemotherapy in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Next, theNFIA-ETO2 fusion, found exclusively in pediatric patients with pure erythroid leukemia, impairs the normal process of erythroid differentiation. Finally, we'll look at the effectiveness of nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir in patients with CLL infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the Omicron surge.  

In this week’s episode, we’ll discuss the newly revised International Working Group response criteria for patients with higher-risk MDS, learn more about the utility of machine learning in the differential diagnosis of bone marrow failure, and discuss whether patients with the Asian-type DEL allele, who type as serologic Rh-D-negative, can be safely transfused with RhD-positive blood.

In this week’s episode we will review treatment and outcomes for patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia during pregnancy. Next, rapid immune tolerance induction in patients with hemophilia A and high-titer inhibitors. Finally, researchers compare kinetics and cell cycle progression in hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood, young adults, and aged healthy donors.

In this episode Associate Editor, Dr. Mario Cazzola discusses the review series on Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, with authors, Dr. Ann Mullaly and Dr. Alison Moliterno.  

In this week’s episode, we’ll learn how rare germline genetic variants in complement factor H (CFH) affect the course of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, discuss the role of coagulation factor XII in thrombotic complications and vaso-occlusion associated with sickle cell disease, and learn more about the overlapping features of therapy-related and de novo NPM1-mutated AML.

In this week’s episode we will review optimizing the value of post-transplant lenalidomide maintenance in multiple myeloma. Next, T-cell immunotherapies targeting AML antigens upregulate MHC Class II expression on AML cells. Finally, young bugs rejuvenate old blood: transplanting fecal microbiota from younger mice into older mice improved hematopoietic stem cell function and restored lymphoid differentiation potential.

In this week’s episode we’ll learn how HLA-E-restricted immune responses help control Epstein-Barr virus infection, discuss the activity of NRX-0492 in chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, and learn more about the efficacy of non-steroid inflammatory drugs in the treatment of bone marrow failure associated with Ghosal Hematodiaphyseal Dysplasia.

In this bonus episode Associate Editor, Dr. Mario Cazzola discusses the review series on Germline predisposition to hematologic malignancies with authors, Dr. Lucy Godley, Dr. Anna Brown, and Dr. Dennis Hickstein.   

In this week’s episode we will review a study in sub-Saharan Africa where treatment of sickle cell anemia with hydroxyurea is associated with a lower incidence of malaria. New research suggests mild myelosuppression associated with hydroxyurea treatment may actually have a salutary effect. Next, a potential new treatment approach in lower GI acute GVHD. Adding an interleukin-22 therapy to corticosteroid treatment was well tolerated with a high rate of response in this very challenging patient population. Finally, common AML driver mutations such asFLT3ITD (or internal tandem duplications) orchestrate distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs based on different genetic contexts. In the context of a common pediatric AML mutation, FLT3ITD selectively activated type I interferon signaling, suggesting a distinct therapeutic vulnerability.

In this week’s episode we’ll discuss how azacytidine therapy influences the contributions of mutated HSC clones to hematopoiesis in MDS and CMML, learn more about the risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with adult-type diffuse glioma, and discuss the importance of 1p32 deletions as an independent and adverse prognostic factor in myeloma.

In this week’s episode we will review an imbalance among RUNX1 isoforms is key to the pathogenesis of trisomy 21-associated myeloid leukemia, raising the possibility that equilibrium could be restored genetically or pharmacologically. Next, an RNA aptamer demonstrating promising results in patients with hemophilia A. Lastly, phase 2 data on valemetostat, a selective inhibitor of EZH1 and 2, in relapsed or refractory adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

In this week’s episode, we’ll discuss the findings from a phase 3 trial of PI3Kδ inhibitor leniolisib in activated PI3Kd syndrome, learn more about the efficacy and safety of dabrafenib plus trametinib in relapsed/refractory BRAF V600E mutation-positive hairy cell leukemia, and review the findings from a study conducted in an international cohort of patients with Tγδ LGL leukemia.

In this bonus episode Associate Editor, Dr. Helen Heslop discusses Banked Allogeneic Immune Effector Cells with Blood Author Dr. Jeffrey Miller.  

In this week’s episode we will first review a new clinical trial evidence that for patients with sickle cell anemia in resource limited settings, both low and moderate dose hydroxyurea are effective for secondary stroke prevention. Next, a research article showing how secreted mutant calreticulin functions as a “rogue cytokine” in myeloproliferative neoplasms, acting in a paracrine manner to promote growth of nearby tumor cells. Finally, we’ll review new research on the pathobiology of adult and pediatric Burkitt lymphoma. With the help of whole-genome sequencing, investigators unraveled distinct subgroups, which may provide a new framework for epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these lymphomas.

In this week’s episode we’ll discuss the benefits of early diagnosis and hematopoietic stem cell transplant in patients with hypomorphic RAG deficiency, learn more about EBV-driven lymphoid neoplasms associated with pediatric ALL maintenance therapy, and analyze the associations between clonal hematopoiesis and recurrent vascular events and death in patients with ischemic stroke. 

In this week's episode, we’ll discuss the dynamics of measurable residual disease, or MRD, over time in myeloma patients undergoing ixazomib maintenance. Serial measurements were feasible and provided more detailed risk stratification than single timepoint measurements—findings that could have implications for the use of MRD to guide treatment duration. Up next, a research article exploring the relationships between poverty, and lack of neighborhood opportunity, with outcomes of CAR T -cell therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The findings suggest opportunities for interventions to improve access for less socioeconomically advantaged children. Finally, we’ll review a report demonstrating that acquired mutations in the pro-apoptotic effector protein BAX are common in patients with AML treated with venetoclax. These and other research observations reveal BAX variants as a hurdle to the long-term success of BCL2-targeted therapy in this disease.