Witness History: Archive 2011

On 1 February 1960, four young black men began a protest in Greensboro, North Carolina against the racial segregation of shops and restaurants in the US southern states.

The men, who became known as the Greensboro Four, asked to be served at a lunch counter in Woolworths. When they were refused service they stayed until closing time. And went back the next day, and the next. Over the following days and months, this non-violent form of protest spread and many more people staged sit-ins at shops and restaurants.

Witness hears from one of the four men, Franklin McCain.

The Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode on buses, testing out whether bus stations were complying with the Supreme Court ruling that banned segregation.

Listen to Bernard Lafayette Junior, an eyewitness to how Martin Luther King managed to prevent inter-ethnic bloodshed on a night of extreme tension during the battle against segregation in the American South.

Picture: A group of Black Americans get off the 'Freedom Bus' at Jackson, Mississippi, Credit: William Lovelace/Express/Getty Images

*** This programme was first broadcast on 25 October, 2011 ***

In the mid 1970s Nelson Mandela began writing his autobiography in prison, on Robben Island.

Mac Maharaj was one of the prisoners who helped edit and conceal the manuscript.

Photo: Associated Press, Nelson Mandela before he was imprisoned.

The armed wing of the ANC party took its first violent action in 1961, when a bomb was planted at municipal offices in Durban.

Ronnie Kasrils explained what happened that day.

(Image: Ronnie Kasrils in 1961. Credit: Ronnie Kasrils)

A snapshot of the attitudes and emotions on both sides of the racial divide as the South Africa authorites cemented the foundations of Apartheid in 1957.

In 1948 nearly 500 pioneers travelled from the Caribbean on the Empire Windrush. The passage cost £28, 10 shillings.

Passenger Sam King describes the conditions on board and the concerns people had about finding a job in England - and what life was like in their adopted country once they arrived.

US troops left Iraq earlier this month, well before their deadline of 31 December.

We hear from one American soldier who remembers when they first invaded the country, almost nine years ago.

Photo: John Crawford and a colleague in Iraq.

In 1984 one of the most popular computer games ever was invented in Moscow.

Hear from Alexey Pajitnov, the Russian who created it, and Henk Rogers, the American who helped to sell it around the world.

Photo: Henk and Alexey.

The children's writer Enid Blyton, was one of the most popular authors of the 20th Century.

Books such as her Famous Five series were read by millions across the world.

But Blyton was reviled by some senior managers at the BBC, who effectively banned her work between the 1930s and 1950s.

Simon Watts uses audio and written archive to chart the difficult relationship between the author and the national broadcaster.

PHOTO: Hulton Archive/Getty Images.

In December 1986 the Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov was allowed to return to Moscow.

He had spent seven years in internal exile.

His release had been ordered by the reforming Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

Photo: AFP/Getty Images

She was one of Germany's greatest battleships during World War II.

But on Boxing Day 1943 she was sunk in the freezing waters of the Arctic.

Norman Scarth is a Witness listener who was on board a British ship and watched her go down.

Photo: Norman Scarth the young sailor.

On Christmas Eve 1914, during World War I, British and German soldiers stopped fighting.

Many of them left their trenches and started to talk and exchange gifts.

But after a few hours of peace they were ordered back to their guns.

Photo: Associated Press

As we approach Christmas we look back at the turning point in the career of the world's most famous evangelist - Billy Graham.

He's preached the gospel to more people in live audiences than anyone else in history - more than 200 million around the world - and it all began in north London in 1954.

Claire Bowes has been speaking to the man who Mr Graham describes as the architect of international evangelism.

PHOTO: Jerry Beavan and Billy Graham in the 1950s.

In 1971 the first big rock benefit gig was organised by former Beatle, George Harrison.

He did it to raise money for refugees from the Bangladesh War of Independence.

Hear from a friend, and a musician who were there.

Photo: Keystone Features/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Christmas 1984 was a difficult time for British miners who had been on strike for nine months.

They had taken industrial action to try to save their coal mines from government closure.

Listen to one miner's wife tell how her family made it through the anger and deprivation of that time.

Photo: BBC

In 1996 the Spice Girls were at the top of the charts.

Their brand of cheeky British pop had taken the world by storm - they called it 'Girl Power'.

We hear from two Spice Girls insiders about the early days when Baby, Sporty, Posh, Scary and Ginger were complete unknowns who used to travel by bus.

PHOTO: Spice Girls at an awards ceremony in December 1996.

In 1971, Bangladesh won independence from Pakistan after nine months of war.

Kamal Hossain, a leading political figure, was jailed during the conflict and only released shortly after Bangladeshi independence.

Kamal Hossain tells Farhana Haider his feelings as his country won its freedom.

PHOTO: Kamal Hossain (l) with the founder of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

In December 1986 Kazakhs began protesting against Moscow's rule.

The young demonstrators were objecting to a Kremlin decision to put a Russian in charge of their country.

Hear how one 16 year old girl had her first taste of freedom.

As the former leader of Panama, Manuel Noriega faces charges of murder in his home country we take you back over 20 years to the moment he was removed from power by the USA.

Manuel Noriega hid out in the Papal embassy - we hear from a man who found himself sleeping in the room next door to him.

PHOTO: US Army in Panama City (Reuters)

We take you back to the early days of the European project when six countries established the European Economic Community.

Photo: Keystone/Getty Images

In December 1981 hundreds of peasants were killed by the army in El Salvador.

Men, women and children from the village of El Mozote were shot.

Only one woman, Rufina Amaya, is known to have survived.

Photo: Rufina Amaya at a funeral for the victims held in 2001. Credit AFP/Getty images

It is 10 years since the height of the financial crisis in Argentina.

Bank accounts were frozen and tens of thousands of ordinary people took to the streets in protest.

Photo: Demonstrators climb the gates of Government House in Buenos Aires. Credit: Associated Press.

It is 70 years since Japanese planes attacked the US Navy base in Hawaii.

The action forced the USA into World War II.

Jack Hammett, was a young naval medic who survived the carnage.

Photo: Hulton Archive/Getty Images.

The story of the Bermuda Triangle began when five US Navy planes went missing in 1945.

No trace of the bombers was ever found - and since then - other ships and planes have diappeared in the same area of the Atlantic Ocean.

Witness hears from one man who took part in the original search for Flight 19.

"The idea that you could take a pill, that meant that you wouldn't get pregnant and you could enjoy sex. That had a magic feel to it."

On 4 December 1961 the contraceptive pill became widely available for free in the UK, through the National Health Service. For married women this form of birth control meant reliable, convenient family planning - for unmarried women it meant sexual freedom.

Hear from the writer Michelene Wandor was a student at Cambridge University at the time.

Photo: The Pill, Credit: Getty Images

To mark World Aids Day Louise Hidalgo reports on the story of Ryan White.

He was a haemophiliac who was banned from school after testing HIV positive.

His death from Aids, changed attitudes towards the disease in the USA.

PHOTO: Associated Press

In 1979 British public sector workers went on strike over pay.

Among those taking industrial action were grave-diggers.

But the media, politicians, and even their own families turned against them at the thought of bodies being left unburied.

In November 1999 police battled with anti-globalisation protestors for control of the streets of Seattle.

The demonstrators were protesting against World Trade Organisation talks taking place in the US city.

Norm Stamper was the Chief of Police in Seattle at the time.

Photo: AP

In November 2001 a group of British tourists were arrested and put on trial for spying in Greece.

They were not spies, but aircraft enthusiasts.

Hear how their British hobby resulted in suspicion, and ultimately jail.

Paul Coppin with Greek police. Photo AP News.

Fifty years ago, the sedative drug thalidomide was withdrawn from sale in Germany and the UK.

It became clear that, if taken by women in early pregnancy, it can cause serious - in many cases, fatal - damage to the unborn child.

Photo: Getty Images

Ned Kelly, the infamous Australian outlaw was captured in the remote settlement of Glenrowan in 1880.

In a dramatic last stand, Kelly and his gang took hostages and tried to derail a police train.

Kelly was hanged a few months after his capture.

The rest of the gang were killed.

Witness brings together eye-witness accounts of the last stand.

The programme also hears from the Australian historian Professor Carl Bridge.

PICTURE: Ned Kelly is shot and captured while wearing his armour (HULTON ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES).

Of the "Big Men" who ruled Africa after independence, few were as notorious as Mobutu Sese Seko.

During his 32 years in power, Mobutu renamed Congo as Zaire and stole many millions of dollars.

As the people of Congo prepare to vote for a new president, a former advisor to Mobutu remembers his years in power.

Witness also hears from Michaela Wrong, author of "In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz".

PHOTO: Mobutu shares a joke with a foreign visitor (HULTON ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES)

In November 2003 a popular uprising unseated the government of Georgia.

Demonstrators waving roses burst into Parliament and Eduard Shevardnadze was forced to stand down.

Hear from one of the people on the streets of Tbilisi that day.

In 1977, Anwar Sadat became the first Egyptian president to visit Israel and address the Israeli parliament, or Knesset.

At the time, Egypt was still formally at war with Israel - a country which no Arab nation then recognised.

Sadat's visit led to a formal peace treaty betweem the two countries.

Louise Hidalgo talks to the Egyptian cameraman, Mohamed Gohar - a favourite of Sadat's.

PHOTO: Sadat addressing the Knesset (AFP/Getty Images)

The diminutive weight-lifter, Precious McKenzie, was a prodigious talent, but apartheid prevented him from competing for South Africa.

Precious had to move to Britain and work in a factory in Northampton.

While doing so, he finally achieved international success at the 1966 Commonwealth Games.

Precious went on to become a familiar figure on British TV in the 1970s.

Emily Williams talks to him for Sporting Witness.

PHOTO: Precious McKenzie shows off his medal collection (Hulton Archive/Getty Images).

He was one of the great pioneers of electrical power.

In November 1915 the New York Times announced that he and his rival, Thomas Edison, would share the Nobel Prize for Physics.

But the two men never received the prize.

Image: A statue of Nikola Tesla in his home village of Smiljan. Credit: AFP/Getty Images.

How a Soviet agent managed to fool the British intelligence service for years.

Even after he'd been identified as a spy by the Americans, Kim Philby was allowed to stay in Britain.

Photo: Kim Philby (right) protesting his innocence to the media. Credit: Getty Images.

It is 45 years since a BBC TV drama changed British ideas about homelessness.

The hardhitting film, directed by Ken Loach, told the story of a young woman who fell on hard times and lost her home, her husband and then her children.

On All Saints Day 1755, the Portuguese city of Lisbon was hit by a triple disaster - an earthquake, followed by a tsunami and a fire.

One of the most splendid cities in Europe suffered massive damage and thousands of people were killed.

The disaster also led to debate across Europe about whether earthquakes were a natural phenomenon or a message from God.

Witness brings together accounts by British survivors of the earthquake, and hears from Edward Paice, author of Wrath of God - the Great Lisbon Earthquake.

Image: Lisbon before the earthquake (Hulton Archive/Getty Images).

The leader of a student protest in Greece nearly 40 years ago tells Alan Johnston about the moment when the country's military junta sent in the tanks, and how she only just managed to escape with her life.

This programe was first broadcast last year.

In the 1960s, radio and stage shows helped provoke a change in attitudes towards World War I.

Songs once sung by men in the trenches helped audiences to think of the war from the point of view of ordinary soldiers rather than officers.

Image: British soldiers during the Battle of the Somme (Press Association)

In November 1989 the civil war in El Salvador hit the capital city.

Rebels fighting the US-backed goverment began attacks in San Salvador.

But after less than two weeks of gun-battles and street fighting the rebels left the capital.

Image: VT Freeze Frame

The Soviet leader died in November 1982 after years of ill health.

He had ruled the USSR for 18 years and presided over a period of economic and political stagnation.

Image: Associated Press

In November 1964 the first spacecraft to go to Mars left Earth.

It was to send back the first photographs of the Red Planet.

Engineer John Casani designed the Mariner craft.

Photo: One of the images sent back by Mariner.

In 1980, the British swimmer, Duncan Goodhew, faced a moral dilemma over whether to compete in the Moscow Olympics, which were being boycotted by the USA.

In the end, he decided to compete and won Gold in the 100m breastroke.

For Witness, David Prest hears from Duncan Goodhew and other British athletes at the 1980 games.

PHOTO: Hulton Archive/Getty Images

It is 20 years since the newspaper magnate disappeared off his yacht.

After his death it soon became clear that his publishing empire was in serious financial difficulties.

We hear from one man who knew him well.

Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest on 4 November 1956 ending a shortlived popular uprising

For six year old Miklos Gimes it would mean his last meeting with his father - and exile.

Photo: Getty Images

On 2 November 1936 the first regular TV service in the world was launched by the BBC.

Initially it only had a few hundred viewers and was only broadcast for two hours a day.

Viewers watched variety acts beamed live from the studios.

How a jazz concert organised by a 17-year old turned into a bestselling album.

And how it almost didn't happen.

Vera Brandes describes the difficulties surrounding the legendary performance by the American pianist.

Photo credit: Jacques Munch/AFP/Getty Images

In late October 1984 the body of a Polish priest was found in a town outside Warsaw.

He was Father Jerzy Popieluszko and he had become the spiritual leader for the banned trade union Solidarity.

It was later revealed that he had been kidnapped and killed by members of the Communist secret police.

In October 1974 one of the greatest boxing matches of all time took place in Zaire.

Muhammad Ali and George Foreman fought for the World Heavyweight title.

The President of Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko had paid them millions of dollars to travel to Africa.

Hear from Jerry Eisenberg who covered the game as a reporter for The New Jersey Star Ledger.

(Fight archive courtesy of ESPN)

Photo: AFP/Getty Images

In the autumn of 1965 a purge of communist sympathisers began in Indonesia.

Hundreds of thousands of people were caught up in the terror - many of them were killed.

Others like Carmel Budiardjo and Putu Oka, were jailed for years without trial.

When the Korean War ended, a few US POWs chose to stay with their captors and live under communism.

David Hawkins was one of them.

He tells his remarkable story to Witness.

It is almost 40 years since the publication of a groundbreaking book about relationships.

It was written by a British academic and illustrated with images of real people.

It went on to sell millions of copies around the world.

Image © Chris Foss courtesy www.ChrisFossArt.com

It is 55 years since the Mau Mau leader Dedan Kimathi was arrested in Kenya.

He had been fighting against white rule in the British colony.

Photo: Mau Mau suspects in a prison camp. Getty images

It is 45 years since tragedy struck a Welsh mining village.

Tons of coal-waste collapsed onto houses and Aberfan's primary school.

One hundred and forty-four people were killed in total - most of them children.

(Photo: Jim Gray/Getty Images)

In October 1966 a Soviet double agent escaped from a British jail.

He was helped, not by the KGB, but by other former prisoners.

Michael Randle was an anti-nuclear protestor who took part in the escape.

(Photo: Michael Randle on his release from Wormwood Scrubs prison).

In October 1970 James Cross, a British diplomat, was taken hostage.

The kidnappers were from the FLQ - the Front de Liberation du Quebec.

Soon after, a provincial minister from Quebec was also kidnapped - he was found days later, dead in the boot of a car.

(Photo: James Cross and his wife Barbara, on his release. Getty Images)

On 18 October 1989, the East German communist leader, was forced from power.

He had been slow to react to the changes within the Soviet bloc.

Three weeks after he left office, the Berlin Wall came down.

(Photo: Honecker meets Gorbachev in October 1989. Associated Press)

On 17 October 1961, French police turned against Algerian demonstrators in Paris. Some were shot, others drowned in the Seine. For years the killings were not acknowledged. We hear from one man whose sister died that day.

(Photo: Demonstrators, arrested during a march by between 20,000 and 30,000 pro-Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) Algerians, are seen in a bus on October 17, 1961 in Paris. French police attacked the illegal but peaceful demonstration.)

(Credit AFP/Getty Images)

In 1985 the soft drink company changed its age old formula.

The public backlash against the new taste surprised everyone.

Eventually, the bosses gave in and brought back the old Coca Cola.

(Image Credit: Reuters)

Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the US in 1916. It was open for 10 days, giving women advice about contraception. For this she was arrested for breaking obscenity laws and was sent to prison for 30 days. She spent her time there teaching women about birth control.

Later she went on to found The Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

Photo: Margaret Sanger (left) outside court, awaiting trial.

On 12 October 2000, an American destroyer was attacked by al-Qaeda suicide bombers in the Yemeni port of Aden.

Kirk Lippold was the commanding officer on board that day.

The attack left 17 sailors dead.

In October 1975 the film stars Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor got married - for the second time.

To avoid the media they held the ceremony on a remote game reserve in Botswana.

We hear from the man who married them.

It's ten years since the first airstrikes on Afghanistan.

The start of what the US and its allies called Operation Enduring Freedom.

Two Afghans who were in Kabul that night share their memories.

On October 6, 1981 the President of Egypt was shot dead.

He was killed by Egyptian officers taking part in a military parade.

He was replaced by his Vice-President, Hosni Mubarak.

Photo: September 6, 1978 Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat Credit: AP

The invention of the atomic bomb was known as The Manhattan Project, with research and design led by Robert Oppenheimer.

Young American scientist Bill Wilcox was part of the team which helped make the bomb, he told Louise Hidalgo about his top secret work which began in 1943.

He recalls the “privilege of being part of a remarkable group of people”.

This programme has been updated since the original broadcast.

(Photo: The first atomic bomb test in the United States. Credit: Getty Images)

On 4 October 1936, fascists clashed with Jews, socialists and anarchists in London.

It is often hailed as the day that fascism was defeated in Britain.

Bill Fishman was a Jewish teenager from London's East End when he got caught up in the fighting.

Photo: Getty Images.

(This programme was first broadcast last year)

Just before the 1968 Olympics, the Mexican government cracked down hard against student demonstrators.

Some were killed, others arrested - David Huerta was one of the young protestors, hear his story.

Photo: Mexican soldiers arresting students after the shooting (Associated Press).

In September 1991 the first heavy metal rock concert was held at a Moscow airfield.

The bands Metallica and ACDC had been persuaded to take part.

It almost turned into a riot - as organiser Boris Zosimov remembers.

Photo: Boris today.

On 29 September 1941, the organised massacre of Ukrainian Jews began.

In the capital Kiev, most of them were taken to a place called Babi Yar, and shot.

Raissa Maistrenko escaped the shooting as a three-year-old girl.

Rabbi Alexander, Dukhovny's mother survived the Holocaust outside the city.

Photo: Hulton Archive/Getty Images

In September 1969 left-wing activists kidnapped Charles Burke Elbrick in Rio de Janeiro.

They demanded the release of 15 of their comrades in exchange for his life.

One of the kidnappers was Fernando Gabeira, then a young journalist.

Photo: Fernando Gabeira now.

He was one of the most innovative musicians in the USA in the 1960s.

Listen to one woman's story of working for Frank Zappa.

Almost 40 years ago Britain and Iceland came to blows over fishing rights in the North Atlantic.

Hear from a British fisherman, and an Icelandic coastguard skipper about the battle for cod.

He was the President of Liberia and in September 1990 he died a very violent death.

The BBC's West Africa correspondent at the time was Elizabeth Blunt, she was there when he was captured by rebels.

Photo: VT Freeze Frame

In the mid 1960s young people in China were encouraged to criticise their elders.

Thousands of members of the Communist establishment were arrested and jailed.

For one teenage boy the world was turned on its head.

Photo: Jean Vincent/AFP/Getty Images

The Chilean politician was killed by a bomb in Washington DC, 35 years ago.

He had gone there after being released from detention by General Pinochet's government.

He was finally buried in his home country, 16 years later.

Photo AFP

In November 1974 the Palestinian leader was allowed to speak at the UN.

But there was a great deal of opposition to his visit and security was extremely strict.

Hear from the man who helped write his speech and organise his trip.

(This programme is a repeat)

Photo: Associated Press

The Secretary General of the UN was killed in a plane crash 50 years ago.

He was on his way to Congo, in an attempt to prevent war.

Two people who knew him well remember the man.

Photo: Associated Press

On 16 September 1992, Britain lost billions in foreign currency reserves in a single day.

Norman Lamont was Chancellor of the Exchequer when the country had to crash out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

Image: VT Freeze Frame

On 15 September 2008, the US investment bank Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy.

Two New Yorkers at the centre of the crisis talk about the events leading up to that day.

Photo: AFP

The trials of senior Nazis began in the autumn of 1945.

Howard Triest was a German Jew who acted as a translator during their questioning.

Photo: Getty Images

In the 1960s, non-white immigrants were not welcome in Australia.

Five-year-old Nancy Prasad became a focus for campaigners trying to reverse the policy.

She tells the story of her deportation.

On 12 September 1980, the army took control in Turkey.

It was not the first time they had done so. It was the third coup d'état in the history of the Republic of Turkey, the previous having been in 1960 and 1971.

The coup followed growing street fighting between left and right-wing groups. Politicians were arrested and parliament, political parties and trade unions were dissolved.

Following the coup at least 50 people were executed and around half a million were detained. Many were tortured and hundreds died in custody.

Vice Admiral Isik Biren, who was an official in the defence ministry, and a former student activist, Murat Celikkan recount their different memories of that time.

(Photo: Portraits of people killed or tortured during the coup are displayed in a courthouse in the capital Ankara. Credit: Adem Atlan/ Getty Images)

Two days before 9/11, al-Qaeda killed an Afghan leader in a suicide bombing.

Ahmed Shah Massood had been one of the main figures opposing the Taliban.

Photo: VT Freeze Frame

The story of how a teenage girl in Azerbaijan became disenchanted with Moscow's propaganda.

She sided with nationalists who campaigned for the break-up of the Soviet Union.

Image: An Azerbaijan resident removes a picture of Lenin, Credit: Getty Images

In September 1666, a fire destroyed much of the city of London.

The diarist, Samuel Pepys, and a schoolboy called William Taswell both watched in horror as the fire consumed houses and even St Paul's Cathedral.

Witness briccngs together their aounts of a blaze which changed the city for ever.

The programme also hears from Meriel Jeater, an expert on the fire from the Museum of London.

PHOTO: A sketch of St Paul's burning from a contemporary pamphlet (Hutton Archive/Getty Images)

It is 45 years since the South African Prime Minister was killed in Parliament.

His attacker was a parliamentary messenger.

Photo: Dimitri Tsafendas, the man who killed Hendrik Verwoerd. (Getty Images)

At the height of the Cold War, an announcement was made that the UK would host American nuclear missiles. One of the anti-war marches that followed ended at the airbase at Greenham Common in Berkshire and a permanent camp of nuclear protestors was established. The Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp endured for nearly 20 years.

Helen John, who took part in the march and founded the camp in September 1981, speaks to Witness.

The scoop of the century on the eve of World War II.

How a young British reporter witnessed the German military build-up just days before the invasion of Poland in 1939.

We hear Clare Hollingworth's own account of a daring trip across the border.

Photo: Clare Hollingworth in 1978. Credit: BBC

The Summer of Love, 1967, and the commune in Colorado known as Drop City, where rumours of free love, drugs and a lot of music attracted not only hippies from all over the United States, but plenty of tourist buses too.

photo: Getty Images

How villagers in a remote region of Cameroon awoke one morning to find hundreds of their friends and neighbours had mysteriously died in the night.

We hear from the scientists who were sent in to find out what had happened.

At the height of the Spanish Civil War, thousands of Basque children were evacuated to safety in Britain.

In 1937, Herminio Martinez was sent away by his parents at the age of seven. It was 23 years before he saw them again.

Herminio Martinez talks to Witness about his memories of the evacuation and the reunion with his family.

PHOTO: Hutton Archive/Getty Images

It was a pivotal moment in American popular culture.

Three days of music and much more on a muddy farm in upstate New York - the Woodstock festival of 1969.

A self-confessed "Woodstock survivor" tells us how it changed his life.

The story of how students at the officially designated "white" University of Cape Town campaigned in support of an academic who had fallen foul of apartheid's racist laws.

Picture courtesy UCT.

Dr Spock's Baby and Child Care, a book that revolutionised the way people thought about bringing up children in the years after World War II.

The book sold half million copies within six months of publication in 1946.

We hear from Lynn Bloom, a friend of Dr Spock, and his biographer.

The theft of the Mona Lisa from the museum of the Louvre in Paris in August 1911.

The search for the famous painting would take two years and helped to cement its fame around the world.

We hear how even the famous artist Pablo Picasso was arrested during the police investigation that involved detectives in both Europe and America.

The bomb that destroyed the UN headquarters in Baghdad in 2003, killing 22 people, among them the UN Special Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello.

We hear from the UN mission's spokesman who was in the building when the blast occurred.

The failed attempt to overthrow the Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachov in August 1991.

Mr Gorbachov was held prisoner in his holiday dacha in the Crimea on the Black Sea while tanks and troops were deployed on the streets of Moscow.

One of Mr Gorbachov's neighbours recalls an abruptly curtailed telephone conversation, and a Moscow journalist remembers filming on the streets of a nervous capital.